Epitaxial growth of in-plane nanowires and nanowire devices

ABSTRACT

Exemplary embodiments provide semiconductor nanowires and nanowire devices/applications and methods for their formation. In embodiments, in-plane nanowires can be epitaxially grown on a patterned substrate, which are more favorable than vertical ones for device processing and three-dimensional (3D) integrated circuits. In embodiments, the in-plane nanowire can be formed by selective epitaxy utilizing lateral overgrowth and faceting of an epilayer initially grown in a one-dimensional (1D) nanoscale opening. In embodiments, optical, electrical, and thermal connections can be established and controlled between the nanowire, the substrate, and additional electrical or optical components for better device and system performance.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser.No. 13/223,580 filed Sep. 1, 2011, which is a divisional application ofU.S. application Ser. No. 12/492,265 filed Jun. 26, 2009, now U.S. Pat.No. 8,030,108 issued Oct. 1, 2011, which claims priority from U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/076,803, filed Jun. 30, 2008,which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

GOVERNMENT RIGHTS

This invention was made with Government support under Contract No. 50615awarded by the Sandia National Laboratories, The U.S. Government hascertain rights in this invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to nanowires and, more particularly, toin-plane nanowires, in-plane nanowire devices, and methods for theirformation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Along with the physical dimension, the geometric shape significantlyaffects the electronic states of semiconductor nanostructures such asquantum dots or nanowires. Most nanowires are epitaxially grown on apatterned substrate and are oriented vertical to the substrate surface.For example, the growth of GaAs from an array of circular aperturespatterned on a Si(111) substrate, the growth of GaN on a sapphire or aSiC substrate, and the growth of semiconductor nanowires byvapor-liquid-solid (VLS) are generally oriented vertical to the growthsubstrate. Problems arise when growth not vertical to the substrate isdesired. For example, VLS wires are often removed from the growthsubstrate and repositioned at a different orientation on a secondsubstrate. This is a difficult, low yield processing step, whichconsiderably diminishes the density and practicality of nanowire devicesand circuits.

Thus, there is a need to overcome these and other problems of the priorart and to provide in-plane nanowires, related nanowire devices, andmethods for their formation along a growth substrate surface.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to various embodiments, the present teachings include a methodfor forming a nanowire. The nanowire can be formed by first providing acrystalline growth platform. A protection layer can then be formed ordisposed on the crystal growth platform, followed by forming a selectivegrowth mask on the protection layer. One or more nanoscale slit-shapedopenings can be defined in the selective growth mask with a lengthoriented along a crystal direction of the crystalline growth platform. Aportion of the protection layer in vicinity of each nanoscaleslit-shaped opening can be locally removed to expose a surface of theunderlying crystalline growth platform. In any cases this local removalcan be accomplished in the controlled environment of the epitaxialgrowth reactor, minimizing exposure to laboratory air and associatedcontaminants. An in-plane nanowire can then be formed by epitaxiallygrowing a material from the exposed surface of the crystalline growthplatform through the nanoscale sat-shaped opening of the selectivegrowth mask. In various embodiments, field effect transistor (FET)devices and semiconductor light emitting diodes and lasers can be formedaccording to this method.

According to various embodiments, the present teachings also include amethod for forming a nanowire device. The nanowire device can be formedby providing a protection layer on a crystalline growth platform, whilethe crystalline growth platform can include layers that either form partof the device or allow post-growth processing to form the device. Forexample, at least an aluminum (Al)-containing epitaxial layer can beincluded to allow oxidation after the growth for electrical isolation ofthe nanowire from the substrate. In other embodiments, the crystallinegrowth platform can include a multi-layer Bragg reflector to allow foroptical isolation of the nanowire from the substrate. In yet otherembodiments, the crystalline growth platform can be designed to providea suitable combination of electrical conductivity and optical isolationbetween the nanowire device and the crystalline growth platform.

A selective growth mask can be formed atop the protection layer whereinone or more nanoscale slit-shaped openings are defined in the selectivegrowth mask. In vicinity of each nanoscale slit-shaped opening, theprotection layer can be locally removed in an epitaxial growth apparatusto expose a surface of the underlying crystalline growth platform. Anin-plane nanowire can then be formed by epitaxially growing a materialfrom the exposed surface of the crystalline growth platform through eachnanoscale slit-shaped opening, wherein a length of the nanowire can bealong a crystal direction of the underlying crystalline growth platform.In addition, the in-plane nanowire can be used as a core material forepitaxially growing a core-shell structure thereon

In various embodiments, a variety of devices can be formed according tothis method. Such nanowire devices can include, for example, highelectron mobility transistor's (HEMTs), field-effect transistors (FET),electronic nanotube structures, wrapped single quantum wells,one-dimensional quantum dot (QD) arrays, one-dimensional quantum wirearrays; light emitting diodes (LEDs), laser diodes (LDs) or otherdevices.

According to various embodiments, the present teachings further includea method for forming a nanowire device. The nanowire device can beformed by first forming an in-plane GaAs nanowire core. The in-planeGaAs nanowire core can be formed by first forming an n doped GaAsregion, then forming a p-n junction region of an undoped GaAssurrounding the n-doped GaAs region, and then forming a p doped GaAsregion surrounding the p-n junction region. Alternatively, the undopedregion can be formed of a lower bandgap material, including but notlimited to InGaAs, to provide localization of the electrons and holes.Following formation of the in-plane nanowire core, a shell layer can beformed surrounding the in-plane GaAs nanowire core and can be formed ofAlGaAs having a GaAs/AlGaAs interface with the in-plane GaAs nanowirecore. Such interface can include a plurality of cladding pairs formed byparallel faceted regions of the in-plane GaAs nanowire core. Thenanowire device formed herein can include a laser diode (LD).

Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth inpart in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious fromthe description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Theobjects and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained bymeans of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in theappended claims.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory onlyand are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of theinvention and together with the description, serve to explain theprinciples of the invention.

FIGS. 1A-1F depict an exemplary nanowire device at various stages offabrication in accordance with various embodiments of the presentteachings.

FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary nanowire array in accordance with variousembodiments of the present teachings.

FIG. 2A depicts dominant facets generated on an exemplary nanowire inaccordance with various embodiments of the present teachings.

FIG. 2B depicts an evolution process of major facets for forming anexemplary nanowire in accordance with various embodiments of the presentteachings.

FIGS. 3-3A depict an exemplary field effect transistor (FET) deviceformed from an exemplary nanowire in accordance with various embodimentsof the present teachings, and a close-up schematic for a junction of thedevice, respectively.

FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary high electron mobility transistor (HEMT)formed from an exemplary nanowire in accordance with various embodimentsof the present teachings.

FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary device for a wrapped single quantum well oran electronic nanotube structure formed from an exemplary nanowire inaccordance with various embodiments of the present teachings.

FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary quantum dot (QD) array formed from anexemplary nanowire in accordance with various embodiments of the presentteachings.

FIGS. 7-7A depict an exemplary nanowire laser diode (LD) device inaccordance with various embodiments of the present teachings, and a sideview schematic for the nanowire LD device, respectively.,

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENT

Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of theinvention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be usedthroughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. In thefollowing description, reference is made to the accompanying drawingsthat form a part thereof, and in which is shown by way of illustrationspecific exemplary embodiments in which the invention may be practiced.These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable thoseskilled in the art o practice the invention and it is to be understoodthat other embodiments may be utilized and that changes may be madewithout departing from the scope of the invention. The followingdescription is, therefore, merely exemplary.

Exemplary embodiments provide semiconductor nanowires and nanowiredevices/applications and methods for making nanowires and relateddevices. According to various embodiments, in-plane nanowires can beepitaxially grown on a patterned substrate, which are more favorablethan vertical ones for device processing and three-dimensional (3D)integrated circuits. In embodiments, the in-plane nanowire can be formedby selective epitaxy utilizing lateral overgrowth and faceting of anepilayer initially grown on a one-dimensional (1D) nanoscale opening. Inembodiments, one or more protection layers can be used, for example,during patterning process of the growth mask, during growth process ofthe nanowire, and/or during fabrication process of related nanowiredevices. In embodiments, optical electrical, and thermal connections canbe established and controlled between the nanowire, the substrate, andadditional electrical or optical components for better device and systemperformance.

In various embodiments, the nanowires and the related devices can heformed in a whole wafer or in selective regions of a wafer definedthrough methods such as physical masks or etching process known to oneof ordinary skill in the art. A wafer substrate surface can be definedas in plane of x-y where, for example, x-direction can be perpendicularto a length of nanowire and the y-direction can be parallel to thelength, and the z-direction can be perpendicular to the substratesurface. Typically, a wafer can have a thickness of less than about 1000μm.

As used herein, the term “nanowire” generally refers to any elongatedconductive or semiconductive structure that includes at least one minordimension, for example, one of the cross-sectional dimensions such aswidth or diameter, of less than or equal to about 1000 nm. In variousembodiments, the minor dimension can be less than about 500 nm. Invarious other embodiments, the minor dimension can be less than about100 nm. In various embodiments, the nanowire can have a length rangingfrom sub-100 nanometers to about 1 cm or longer. In various embodiments,the nanowire can be formed in-plane, in other words, having its lengthsituated along the underlying substrate surface in (x-y) plane. Inembodiments, the in-plane length can be determined to match a desiredlength of nanowire device. In various embodiments, the miner dimensionof an in-plane nanowire, for example, along x-direction in x-y plane canbe comparable with the dimension of the in plane nanowire in thez-direction.

It is intended that the term “nanowire” also encompass other elongatednano-structures of like dimensions including, but not limited to,nanoshaft, nanopillar, nanoneedle, nanorod and nanotube. The nanowirescan have various cross-sectional shapes, for example, a rectangular, apolygonal, a square, an oval, a circular shape or the like. In specificembodiments, the nanowires can have a cross sectional shape thatincludes a pentagon, hexagon or any polygons formed by faceting. Invarious embodiments, a plurality of nanowires can be formed, forexample, substantially parallel, perpendicular, etc., with respect toeach other.

The disclosed nanowires that are in-plane oriented along the substratesurface can be formed in defined positions, which in embodiments can besuitable for further device processing after the growth. The deviceprocessing can be performed similar to traditional semiconductor devicesbut providing high density and high yield. Additionally, by addingstructures to the selective growth pattern as disclosed herein, variousadditional functionalities can be incorporated with the in-planenanowire and its device, for example, larger-area contact pads can beformed for subsequent electrical connectivity.

A variety of crystal growth (i.e., epitaxy) methods including, but notlimited to, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD),molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE), gas source MBE (GSMBE), metal-organic MBE(MOMBE), atomic layer epitaxy (ALE), hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE),or organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE), can be used to preparethe disclosed nanowires and nanowire devices.

In various embodiments, the nanowires and related devices/applicationscan include one or more materials selected from the group consisting ofmaterials systems of groups III-V, II-VI, and/or IV. For ease ofillustration, the invention will be described with reference tomaterials and manufacturing processes of the exemplary III-V materialssystems, which includes, for example, III-V semiconductor alloycompositions.

In the following description, the semiconductor alloy compositions canbe described by the combination of elements, such as, for example, AlAs,GaAs, InAs, AlSb, GaSb, InSb, AlP, GaP, InP, AlN, GaN, InN, Si, Ge,CdTe, HgTe, ZnSe, and all ternary, quaternary and quinary alloysthereof. Generally, the elements in a composition can be combined withvarious molar fractions. For example, the semiconductor alloycomposition AlGaAs can stand for Al_((x))Ga_((1−X))As, where the molarfraction, x, can be any number less than 1.00 and greater than 0.

In the III-V materials system, examples of the group III elements caninclude Ga, In or Al, which can be formed from exemplary respectivegroup III precursors, such as trimethylgallium (TMGa) or triethylgallium(TEGa), trimethylindium (TMln) or trimethylaluminum (TMAl). In the III-Vmaterials system, exemplary group V elements can include As, Sb, N, orP. Exemplary group V precursors, such as arsine (AsH₃), ammonia, ortertiarybutylphoshine (TBP) can be used to provide correspondingexemplary elements such as As, N, or P.

FIGS. 1A-1F depict an exemplary nanowire device 100 at various stages offabrication in accordance with various embodiments of the presentteachings. The cross sectional schematics in FIGS. 1A-1F are shown onthe x-z plane that is perpendicular to the y-direction which is along alength of the exemplary in-plane nanowire.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the device 100A can include a protection layer 140formed over a crystalline growth platform 123 including a growth surface130 over a blanket epilayer 120, which can be formed over a substrate110.

In embodiments, the substrate 110 can include, for example, silicon,SiC, Al₂O₃, Ge, GaN, GaAs, GaSb, InP, CdTe, and/or ZnSe.

The crystalline growth platform 123 including the blanket epilayer 120and the overlaying growth surface 130 can be formed by an epitaxialgrowth. In embodiments, the crystalline growth platform 123 can includeother functional layers epitaxially grown for specific devices andapplications.

The blanket epilayer 120 can be a planar semiconductor epilayer formedof, for example, GaAs, AlAs, InAs, InGaAs, AlInGaAs or AlGaAs. Inembodiments, the blanket epilayer 120 can include blanketheteromaterial(s) or stacked layers. In embodiments, the blanketepilayer 120 can include one or more Al-containing layers. In variousembodiments, the blanket epilayer 120 of the nanowire growth platform123 can include an Al mole fraction suitable for a subsequent selectiveoxidation for nanowire devices.

The crystalline growth platform 123 can also provide a growth surface130 over the blanket epilayer 120 for the subsequent epitaxial nanowiregrowth as well as growth of nanowire devices as disclosed herein. Invarious embodiments, the crystalline growth platform 123 can havevarious designs engineered to enable desired device performance ofvarious final structures.

In one example, the crystalline growth platform 123 can use a blanketepilayer 120 having high Al mole fractions to allow for local oxidationafter the nanowire growth. The oxidized blanket epilayer (see 190 inFIG. 1F) can then provide electrical isolation of an active region fromany defects in the substrate 110. In embodiments, this crystallinegrowth platform 123 can include a multi-layer stack as is commonly usedin III-V semiconductor devices.

In another example, it is desirable to provide a multilayer stack forthe crystalline growth platform 123, for example, a distributed Braggreflector to enhance the optical isolation of the subsequently formednanowire device from the substrate 110.

In various embodiments, these examples described above are not intendedto be exclusionary, and other blanket layer structures or crystallinegrowth platform can find applications depending on the specifics of thedesired nanowire device functionality.

In various embodiments, the blanket heteromaterials of the crystallinegrowth platform 123 can be different from the substrate 110 and/or thesubsequently formed nanowire in material composition depending onspecific applications. For example, in some embodiments for FET deviceswherein electrical isolation from the substrate 110 is desirable, alarge Al concentration layer can be incorporated in the blanket layer120 of the crystalline growth platform 123 and subsequently locallyoxidized during device fabrication so as to provide electrical isolationfrom the substrate 110.

In other embodiments, for example, for electrically pumped laser devices(LD) where electrical contact is provided to the substrate 110, amultilayer stack, e.g., having different Al compositions, can be usedfor the blanket epilayer 120 of crystalline growth platform 123 tobalance the requirements of electrical connectivity and opticalisolation. In still other embodiments, the use of Al in the compositionof other layers of the crystalline growth platform 123 can be avoided toaddress concerns related to long-term stability and reliability.

Referring back to FIG. 1A, the protection layer 140 can be deposited onthe crystalline growth platform 123 in order to isolate the growthsurface 130 of crystalline growth platform 123 during fabrication of thefollowing patterned selective growth mask 150, which is shown in FIG.1B.

In various embodiments, the protection layer 140 can be, for example, anamorphous semiconductor, a dielectric layer, or a group V film. Asdescribed herein, the protection layer 140 can provide certainadvantages. For example, the protection layer can protect the underlyingepitaxial growth surface from exposure to atmospheric ambient, fromexposure to residual hydrocarbons, oxygen, and other types ofcontaminants from the subsequent deposition and patterning of selectivegrowth mask 150 in FIG. 1B. Additionally, the protection layer 140 canbe locally removed in the growth areas defined by the patterned growthmask 150 in the epitaxial growth chamber prior to the nanowire growtheither by heating or by an in-situ etching/cleaning process. This localremoval can expose a nanowire growth surface for a continuous nanowiregrowth.

FIG. 1B can include a patterned selective growth mask 150 including oneor more one-dimensional (1D) nanoscale slit-shaped or stripe openings50, narrow and long, patterned in the selective growth mask 150.

Prior to the formation of the patterned selective growth mask 150, theprocessing device 100A can be removed from the epitaxy machine and canfurther be processed to define the selective growth mask. In oneembodiment, the patterned selective growth mask 150 can be formed by,for example, 1) depositing a blanket layer of an amorphous material thatis dielectric; and 2) using suitable lithographic and etching processesto define nanoscale, 1D stripe openings 50 through the selective growthmask 150 exposing the underlying protection layer 140.

Many such lithographic processes can be employed including, but notlimited to, optical lithography, interferometric lithography,nanoimprint lithography, electron-beam lithography or ion-beamlithography. In various embodiments, suitable etching processes can beused to transfer the lithographic pattern from photoresist to theselective growth mask layer and the remaining photoresist can be removedto leave the selective growth mask.

In various embodiments, the patterned growth mask 150 can include adielectric material including, but not limited to, SiO₂, Si₃N₄, Al₂O₃,or other dielectric materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

The nanoscale, 1D stripe openings 50 defined by the patterned growthmask 150 on the protection layer 140 can have a length in-plane (x-y)along the substrate surface. In various embodiments, the in-plane lengthcan range from less than about 100 nm to more than about 1 cm. In otherwords, any desirable length can be fabricated and used for the opening50. For example, the length of the opening 50 can be adjusted to match adesired device length.

In various embodiments, the width of the opening 50 can be related to,but smaller than or comparable to a width or diameter of a finalnanowire. In embodiments, the width of the opening 50 can range fromabout 10 nm to about 1 μm, although other width can be possible for the1D stripe openings 50.

In various embodiments, the length of nanoscale, 1D stripe openings 50can be oriented substantially along a specified direction of theunderlying substrate crystal of the crystalline growth platform 123,where lateral overgrowth and faceting for the in-plane nanowire can beavailable. For example, in many cases of III-V materials systems, thelength direction can be a <110> direction of the underlying bulk (100)substrate, although other directions are possible on the substratesdifferent from (100).

In various embodiments, the patterning of the selective growth mask 150can include additional features, for example, larger-area contact pads,in addition to the 1D slit-shaped openings 50 for the subsequentnanowire growth.

In FIG. 1C, a portion of the protection layer 140 associated with the 1Dstripe opening 50 can be removed using the patterned selective growthmask 150 as a hard mask for example. An opening 54 can be formed byremoving the associated protection portion that is in the vicinity ofthe slit-shaped opening 50. The protection portion can be removed eitherthermally or chemically, or by supplying cracked hydrogen atoms to theassociated surface, exposing a corresponding portion of the underlyinggrowth surface 130.

In various embodiments, the patterned substrate device 100C shown inFIG. 1C can then be loaded into a growth chamber for epitaxial growth ofnanowires, for example, after a cleaning process. In variousembodiments, the opening 54 can be formed in the growth chamber for anin-situ epitaxial growth of nanowire in the opening and from the exposedcrystalline growth surface 130 in order to avoid contamination of thegrowth surface 130 from atmospheric substances.

In FIG. 1D, a nanowire 160 can be formed, e.g., epitaxially grownin-plane (x-y) from the exposed portion of the growth surface 130through the opening 54 of the device 100C. By controlling growthparameters and deposition amount, the epilayer can have a cross sectionon the x-z plane perpendicular to y-direction, which has comparabledimensions in both x- and z-direction on the substrate surface.

FIG. 1E shows a schematic of the nanowire structure passivated by theepitaxial growth of a nanowire heteromaterial stack which includes, inthis specific case, two layers: a first nanowire heteromaterial as acladding layer 170, with a bandgap different from that of the nanowire160, and a second nano Tire heteromaterial as a capping layer 180.

During formation, for in-situ passivation of the nanowire surface, alarger bandgap layer, for example in the case of GaAs growth, a high ormedium Al-composition layer, can be deposited onto the nanowire 160 asthe cladding layer 170.

In general, multiple layers can be used for specific functionalitiessuch as passivation of surface defects, optical and/or electricalconfinement, chemical isolation in subsequent processing, etc. In theexample above, the capping layer 180 can include a final GaAs cappinglayer added to the cladding layer 170 to isolate the Al-containingmaterial of the cladding layer 170 from the environment duringprocessing and device operation. The use of multiple epitaxial layers toprovide various functionalities is well known in III-V device processingand is incorporated herein without limitations.

In FIG. 1F, to complete nanowire formation process, for example,trenches 23 can be fabricated around the nanowire 160 to facilitatelateral oxidation of the blanket heteromaterial layer 120 of the growthplatform 130 which has a high Al composition. Oxidized layer 190, and/ormetal contacts (not illustrated) can be fabricated, e.g., for formationof electrical/optoelectronic devices. In one embodiment, trenches 23 canprovide access to the oxygen reactant for a local thermal oxidation ofthe high Al-composition layer under the nanowire 160.

FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary nanowire array 200 in accordance withvarious embodiments of the present teachings.

As shown, the array 200 can include a plurality of nanowires 260 formedin the x-y plane (as indicated by the xyz-axis system in FIG. 2) definedby a patterned selective growth mask 250. In various embodiments, thenanowire 260 can be formed using the materials and methods as describedin FIGS. 1A-1F.

In various embodiments, the plurality of nanowires 260 can be formed tohave a center-to-center spacing between adjacent two nanowires. Invarious embodiments the center-to-center spacing can range from about 50nm to about 5 μm. In embodiments, large center-to-center spacing canallow uninterrupted faceting without coalescence between adjacentnanowires. For example, the large center-to-center spacing can rangefrom about 0.5 μm to about 5 μm, although other center-to-center spacingcan be possible for various embodiments of the present teachings.

In an exemplary embodiment, the nanowire can be a GaAs nanowire formedby using a 30-nm thick SiO₂ film patterned atop a GaAs(001) substrate byi-line interferometric lithography and dry etching. The pattern caninclude 200-nm wide, 1D open stripes directed along a [110] substratedirection with a center-to-center spacing of about 1.26 μm. In aspecific embodiment, a narrow opening and a thin SiO₂ film can befavorable for the early initiation of lateral overgrowth and theassociated faceting of nanowires 260. On this specific patternedsubstrate, GaAs can be deposited using trimethylgallium (TMGa) andarsine at, e.g., about 720° C. A 500-nm film thickness, calibrated on anunpatterned wide-area substrate, and a growth rate of ˜0.2 monolayer/sat a V/III ratio of ˜300 can be obtained. In OMVPE, every facet can beassumed to be exposed to equal partial pressures of TMGa and arsine,which encourage the faceting driven by the minimization of total surfaceenergy for the formation of in-plane nanowires.

FIG. 2A depicts dominant facets generated on the formed exemplary GaAsnanowire of FIG. 2 in accordance with various embodiments of the presentteachings. For example, the dominant facets can include (111)B-, (110)-,and (111)A-types. In one example, the width of the as-grown nanowire canbe about 580 nm, considerably greater than the original 200-nm stripeopening.

FIG. 2A indicates that lateral growth can occur over the exemplary SiO₂mask in both directions. In various embodiments, (113)B- and (001)-typefacets can also be observed with lengths significantly smaller thanthose of the dominant facets. On the other hand, no additional facetscan be generated at the (111)B-(110) and (110)-(111)A intersections.Thus, the facets on the nanowire can include (001) at the top, (113)B-,(111)B-, (110)-, and (111)A-types. For convenience, these can becategorized into two groups based on their physical dimensions along thenanostructure: major [(111)B, (110), and (111)A] and minor [(001) and(113)B] facets.

FIG. 2B depicts an evolutionary process of major facets on a patterndirected to [110] in accordance with various embodiments of the presentteachings. The faceting can start with (001) resulting in a trapezoidalcross section of an initial epilayer at stage 1. The (111)B facets canextend until the cross section becomes a triangle at stage 2. As growthcontinues, a (110) vertical facet can then be generated at the end ofeach (111)B with the initiation of lateral overgrowth at stage 3. Withfurther growth, (111)A facets can be noticed at stage 4 as what shown inFIGS. 2-2A.

In this manner, the in-plane nanowire can be formed by selective epitaxyutilizing lateral overgrowth and faceting of an epilayer initially grownon a one-dimensional (1D) nanoscale slit-shaped opening.

The faceting of an epilayer initially grown on a 1D stripe opening on asubstrate can follow the principle of equilibrium crystal shape (ECS).The faceting by ECS can be affected by substrate orientation and growthparameters including deposition rate and deposition amount. Depending onthese conditions, lateral overgrowth and ECS can drive the cross sectionperpendicular to the long direction of the 1D stripe opening of theepilayer to a shape close to that of, for example, a regular pentagon,hexagon, or other polygons, and the overall 3D shape of the epilayer canbecome close to that of the vertically oriented nanowires.

In various embodiments, lithography techniques can be available toreduce the width of patterned openings to deep sub-micrometer rangewhere the in-plane nanowires can exhibit quantum or low-dimensionaleffects as well as providing optical mode confinement along thenanowire. Additionally, as discussed below, core-shell growth processescan be available having the formed nanowire as a core material, whichallows application of the full apparatus of III-V crystal growthincluding quantum wells (QWs) and quantum dots (QDs). In variousembodiments, the epitaxially grown in-plane nanowires can be used invarious applications, for example, transistor devices including FETs, orHEMTs, and optical generation devices, such as light emitting diodes(LED), or laser diodes (LD), using nanowire-based QWs QDs, quantum wiresor nanotubes.

FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary FET device 300 in accordance with variousembodiments of the present teachings. FIG. 3A depicts a close-upschematic for a junction 300A of contact pad 302 and nanowire 360 of thedevice 300.

With n or p doping of the nanowires several types of 1D FETs can beformed. Heavily doped contact pads 302, e.g. for a source of FET, and304, e.g., for a drain of FET, can be grown separately from the nanowire360, for example, by a two-step growth including lithographic processand etch process. Selective ion-implantation on the contact pad areasand annealing for electrical activation 301 (e.g., for the source) and303 (e.g., for the drain), can also be performed.

In various embodiments, the contact pads 302/304 can be grown along withthe nanowire 360 in a single growth step. As shown in FIG. 3A, a taperedjunction 307 for epitaxial growth near the junction of the nanowire 360and the contact pad 302 can be formed for better conductance andsmoother structural connection, which may be impacted by the facetingformed on those two regions. If necessary, various nanowire growthlayers similar to those shown in FIGS. 1A-1F, for example, theprotection layer 140 and the selective growth mask 150, can beselectively removed from the top of the area for contact pads to reduceohmic resistance properties.

In this embodiment, because three sides of the nanowire are exposed tothe gate potential, a wrap-around gate scheme can be obtained in whichthe current control can be improved compared with a simple top contact.For some applications, in order to obtain larger current carryingcapability a parallel array of nanowires 360 with common source anddrain contacts can be included herein for the present teachings.

FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary HEMT device 400 formed from the fabricatednanowires in accordance with various embodiments of the presentteachings. For example, the HEMT device 400 can have a similar structureas shown in FIG. 1F, except a nanowire heteromaterial 470 can be formedbetween the nanowire core 160 and the cladding layer 170. In oneembodiment, the cladding layer 170 and/or the capping layer 180 caninclude nanowire heteromaterials including a medium Al-composition, sothat it can be utilized for the realization of 1D HEMTs by keeping thenanowire 160 undoped and adding dopants to the medium Al-compositionlayer 170. In various embodiments, the nanowire core 160 can includeundoped GaAs; the overlaying nanowire heteromaterial 470 can includeundoped Al_(x)Ga_((1−x))As; and the cladding layer 170 can include dopedAl_(x)Ga_((1−x))As surrounded by the cladding layer 180.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary device 500 used for a wrapped single quantumwell (QW) or an electronic quasi-nanotube structure in accordance withvarious embodiments of the present teachings. For example, whenpreparing nanowires at the stage shown in FIG. 1C, the formationprocedure can be controlled by growing, e.g., a large bandgap material550 such as a core of Al_(x)Ga_(1−x) As first, then a small bandgaplayer 560 such as a shell layer of GaAs, and a large bandgap material570 again such as another shell layer of Al_(x)Ga_(1−x) As, which iscapped by a capping layer 580.

The illustrated wrapped quantum well (QW) structure along the nanowirecan have potential applications in optical and electrical devices. Thevarious facets of the quantum well (QW) can have different thicknesses.This can result in coupled quantum well (QW) phenomena and may providenew functionality. In various embodiments, the exemplary GaAs layer 560of a quantum well (QW) structure can have a thickness ranging from about1 nm to about 100 nm, which can depend on the orientation of the facetsformed on the in-plane nanowire. The exemplary Al_(x)Ga_(1−x) As layer570 of the QW structure can have a thickness ranging from about 50 nm toabout 1000 nm. Other possible thicknesses can be used for the exemplaryGaAs layer 560 and the exemplary Al_(x)Ga_(1−x) As layer 570 in variousembodiments of the present teachings.

FIG. 6 depicts a further example of a 1D quantum dot (QD) array formedfrom the disclosed nanowire of FIG. 1. It has been confirmed that ananoscale (001) facet can be maintained at the, top of the nanowiregrown on a (001) substrate (also see FIG. 2A). This facet can beutilized for the growth of a 1D array of QDs or a quantum wire, or anyoptical/electrical materials.

For example, the QDs or quantum wire 650 can be formed on a (001) facetof the nanowire core 660. The QD or quantum wire 650 can include, forexample, InAs. Following the formation of the QD or quantum wire 650,the nanowire core 660, such as GaAs, can continue to grow to form ashell layer 665 of exemplary GaAs surrounding the nanowire core 660along with the QD or quantum wire 650, such as InAs, which is furthercaped by the capping layer 680.

In various embodiments, optical generation devices such as lightemitting diodes (LEDs) or LDs can be formed using nanowire-basedstructures. For example, a p-n junction can be fabricated transverselyalong the nanowire so that electrical pumping can efficiently createelectron-hole pairs along the majority of the length of the nanowiredevice structure.

In one embodiment, a blanket doped Al_(x)Ga_(1−x) As layer can be grownas the first blanket heteromaterial of the crystalline growth platform123 atop the substrate 110 and then be capped with an amorphoussemiconductor or dielectric layer as a protection layer 140 as discussedin FIGS. 1A-1F. The blanket doped Al_(x)Ga_(1−x) As layer of thecrystalline growth platform 123 can be a low- or medium Al-compositionlayer used for device isolation from the substrate 110 and can serve toclad the nanowire waveguide and prevent optical leakage into thesubstrate 110.

Undergoing the patterning process shown in FIG. 1B, the layer structurecan be returned to the growth chamber and the protection layer 140 canbe removed in the growth chamber or an etch chamber connected to thegrowth chamber in vacuum. The exemplary doped Al_(x)Ga_(1−x) Asepitaxial layer of the growth platform 123 can be exposed in-situ as asubstrate for nanowire growth.

Growth then proceeds, first with an initial epilayer with the samedoping as the substrate 110 and the underlying Al_(x)Ga_(1−x) As layer.The initial nanowire growth can have a lower (or zero) Al compositionthan that of the blanket Al_(x)Ga_(1−x) As layer of the growth platform130 for example, GaAs, to provide optical confinement. A lower bandgapmaterial (e.g. In_(x)Ga_(1−x) As) can be grown in a wrap-around QWgeometry as illustrated in FIG. 4 but with different material scheme. Itis desirable to locate this quantum well in the depletion region betweenthe n- and p-type dopings for maximum carrier capture into the well. Ananowire heteromaterial having higher bandgap than the QW can then begrown as a cladding layer, and finally a capping layer to preventoxidation of the Al-containing layers can be grown. This structure canserve as either a LED or a LD.

In embodiments, the active region can include a lower bandgap material,such as for example, InGaAs, and the use of Al in any of the devicelayers can be avoided. As the growth proceeds, the dopant can beswitched to provide a concentric (radial) p-n junction along thenanowire. If this is done after the initiation of lateral overgrowth,the formation of an electrical short between the p- and n-type layers orthe intermixing of different types of dopants along the multiply facetedgrowth front surface during epitaxy can be avoided. This is because eachdoped layer grown on the nanowire 160 can be terminated at the topsurface of the dielectric mask 150 on both sides, which provides acomplete structural and electrical isolation of each layer fromsubsequent layers grown on it. Alternatively, etching can be used toshorten the nanowire 160 and eliminate any high-field regions at theends of the nanowire 160.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a nanowire LD device 700 grown on anexemplary n⁺ GaAs substrate 710 in accordance with various embodimentsof the present teachings. As shown, double-headed arrows 705 a-d in theexemplary GaAs nanowire core 760 can indicate available cladding pairsformed by the parallel faceted regions at the GaAs/Al_(x)Ga_(1−x) Asinterface, wherein the exemplary Al_(x)Ga_(1−x) As layer 770 is acladding layer.

After a formation of the nanowire core 760, various regions can bedefined within the nanowire core 760. For example after the initialnanopatterning, an exemplary n doped GaAs 760 n can be formed, followedby a formation of p-n junction region 760 p-n with undoped GaAs, whichis covered by an exemplary p doped GaAs 760 p. By keeping the lateralsize of a nanowire comparable with its lasing wavelength, a single modelaser can be achieved. High power lasing can then be obtained from anarray of such single mode lasers of which the period is close enough foroptical coupling between neighbor lasers. Conventional top and bottom orcoplanar metal contacts can also be employed.

FIG. 7A depicts a side view schematic for the nanowire LD device 700 ofFIG. 7 in accordance with various embodiments of the present teachings.As shown, the LD device 700 can also include end mirrors including anetched mirror 705 and an epitaxially grown mirror 709. The end mirrors705/709 for LD 700 can be constructed by etching or epitaxial growth ofvertical facets. Since the nanowires can have very small cross sectionsperpendicular to the wire direction (˜λ/2n), the mirrors 705/709 may notneed to be strictly vertical to the substrate 110, and also chemical ordry etching can be used for mirror fabrication. In various embodiments,the conductivity type of the semiconductor materials or the epilayersdescribed herein can be reversed between an n-type and a p-type inaccordance with various embodiments of the present teachings.

According to FIG. 7-7A, various embodiments can thus include a methodfor forming a nanowire device. Such device can be formed by firstforming an in-plane nanowire core as disclosed herein. The in-planenanowire core can further be formed by first forming an n-doped region,then forming a p-n junction region of an undoped layer surrounding then-doped region, and then forming a p-doped region surrounding the p-njunction region of the undoped layer. A shell layer using a higherbandgap material can then be formed surrounding the in-plane nanowirecore having an interface of bandgap discontinuity. Such interface caninclude a plurality of cladding pairs formed by parallel faceted regionsof the in-plane nanowire core. In embodiments, end mirrors of a laserdiode can be formed either with faceting in epitaxial growth or byetching in device process. In embodiments, lateral size of the in-planenanowire core that supports only a single transverse mode of theradiation field of the LD can also be controlled.

Various steps described above for forming in-plane nanowires andnanowire devices, referring to FIGS. 1-7, can be added, omitted,combined, altered, or performed in different orders in accordance withvarious embodiments of the present teachings.

While the invention has been illustrated with respect to one or moreimplementations, alterations and/or modifications can be made to theillustrated examples without departing from the spirit and scope of theappended claims. In addition, while a particular feature of theinvention may have been disclosed with respect to only one of severalimplementations, such feature may be combined with one or more otherfeatures of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageousfor any given or particular function. Furthermore, to the extent thatthe terms “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variantsthereof are used in either the detailed description and the claims, suchterms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term“comprising.” As used herein, the term “one or more of” with respect toa listing of items such as, for example, A and B, means A alone, Balone, or A and B. The term “at least one of” is used to mean one ormore of the listed items can be selected.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forththe broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numericalvalues set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely aspossible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certainerrors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in theirrespective testing measurements. Moreover, all ranges disclosed hereinare to be understood to encompass any and all sub-ranges subsumedtherein. For example, a range of “less than 10” can include any and allsub-ranges between (and including) the minimum value of zero and themaximum value of 10, that is, any and all sub-ranges having a minimumvalue of equal to or greater than zero and a maximum value of equal toor less than 10, e.g., 1 to 5. In certain cases, the numerical values asstated for the parameter can take on negative values. In this case, theexample value of range stated as “less than 10” can assume values asdefined earlier plus negative values, e.g. −1, −1.2, −1.89, −2, −2.5,−3, −10, −20, −30, etc.

Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled inthe art from consideration of the specification and practice of theinvention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification andexamples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spiritof the invention being indicated by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for forming a nanowire devicecomprising: forming an in-plane nanowire core by forming a first dopedregion of a nanowire core material, forming an undoped layer surroundingthe first doped region, and forming a second doped region of thenanowire core material having a polarity opposite that of the firstdoped region, wherein the first and second doped regions form a p-njunction; and forming a she layer surrounding the in-plane nanowirecore, wherein the shell layer comprises a higher bandgap material thanthe in-plane nanowire core material having an interface characterized bya bandgap discontinuity with the in-plane nanowire core.
 2. The methodof claim 1, wherein the interface comprises a plurality of claddingpairs formed by parallel faceted regions of the in-plane nanowire coreto form a waveguide.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprisingforming end mirrors of a laser diode either with faceting in epitaxialgrowth or by etching in device processing.
 4. The method of claim 1,further comprising controlling a lateral size of the in-plane nanowirecore that supports a single transverse mode of a radiation field of alaser diode.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first doped regioncomprises an n-doped region.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the firstdoped region comprises a p-doped region.
 7. A laser diode (LD) formedaccording to the method of claim
 1. 8. An array of single mode lasersformed according to the method of claim 4, wherein the array of singlemode lasers comprises a plurality of in-plane nanowire cores, eachnanowire core supporting a single transverse mode of a radiation fieldof a laser diode.
 9. The array of single mode lasers of claim 8, whereinat least some of the single mode lasers are optically coupled.
 10. Amethod for forming a nanowire device comprising: providing a crystallineplatform for epitaxial growth comprising at least a substrate; providinga protection layer on the crystalline growth platform; forming one ormore nanoscale slit-shaped openings in a selective growth mask formed onthe protection layer; locally removing the protection layer in anepitaxial growth apparatus in a vicinity of each nanoscale slit-shapedopening to expose a surface of the underlying crystalline growthplatform; forming an in-plane nanowire by epitaxially growing a materialfrom the exposed surface of the crystalline growth platform through eachnanoscale slit-shaped opening, wherein a length of the nanowire is alonga crystal direction of the underlying crystalline growth platform; andepitaxially growing a core-shell structure from the formed in-planenanowire using, the in-plane nanowire as a core material.
 11. The methodof claim 10, further comprising: forming the in-plane nanowire corecomprising a top (001) facet; forming at least one quantum dot (QD) fromthe top (001) facet of the in-plane nanowire core; wherein the QDcomprises a lower bandgap material than the material of the in-planenanowire core; forming a shell layer surrounding a perimeter of thein-plane nanowire core along with the QD formed thereon; wherein theshell layer comprises a higher bandgap material than the QD material;and capping the shell layer to form the core-shell structure.
 12. Themethod of claim 11, wherein capping the shell layer forms a p-njunction.
 13. A quantum dot array formed according to the method ofclaim 11, wherein the quantum dot array comprises a plurality of quantumdots formed along the top (001) facet of each in-plane nanowire core ofa plurality of in-plane nanowire cores.
 14. The quantum dot array ofclaim 13, wherein the quantum dot array comprises a one-dimensional (1D)quantum dot array.
 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising:forming the in-plane nanowire core comprising a doped material from theunderlying crystalline growth platform; forming a quantum well (QW)layer comprising a lower bandgap material than the in-plane nanowirecore material around the in-plane nanowire core; wherein the QW layer islocated in a depletion region of an optical device; growing a nanowireheteromaterial surrounding the QW layer, wherein the nanowireheteromaterial has a higher bandgap than the QW layer; and capping thenanowire heteromaterial to form the care-shell structure.
 16. The methodof claim 15, wherein the quantum well is configured for carrier capture.17. The method of claim 10, wherein the in-plane nanowire comprises oneor more materials selected from the group consisting of material systemsof groups III-V, II-VI and IV.
 18. The method of claim 10, wherein thein-plane nanowire comprises a III-V semiconductor alloy composition.